Emergence of Escherichia coli harboring mcr-1 and mcr-3 gene in North West Algerian farmlands

In summary, our results show that farms are an important reservoir of colistin-resistant E.coli, added to other additional genes, such as bla_ESBL. The transfer of manure from animals to soil and irrigation water might be spreading a mix of multiple resistances, posing a worrying threat to human health.